Purepofo: A Cutting-Edge Tool for Comprehensive Halal and ESG Screening with Multi-Faceted Stock Performance Assessment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13135/2421-2172/11208Keywords:
Halal investing, Shariah Compliance, ESG Screening, Stock Performance, Islamic FinanceAbstract
This article examines the application of the stock screening tool “purepofo” (www.purepofo.com), which integrates Halal and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria with a comprehensive performance assessment based on widely used financial metrics. The article evaluates Purepofo’s ability to align Shariah compliance and ESG standards with performance-driven investing, addressing ethical and financial imperatives. The study presents a comparative analysis of the financial performance of stocks screened using a combined screening approach versus non-screened counterparts, while also outlining methodological limitations. Key findings reveal that Halal and ESG-screened stocks outperformed peers in several financial dimensions, including operational efficiency, dividend reliability, and resilience to market volatility. Notably, these stocks demonstrated higher Sharpe Ratios, more substantial gross margins, and consistent revenue growth, challenging the perception of a trade-off between ethical compliance and financial performance. However, limitations, such as the underrepresentation of high-growth stocks and valuation complexities, highlight the need for further methodological refinement. The discussion emphasises the potential of a customised financial metrics model to support investors in achieving competitive returns without compromising ethical integrity. The results suggest that Halal-ESG stocks offer more than symbolic ethical Value; they exhibit measurable financial resilience, governance, and sustainability strength. While alignment with Maqasid al-Shariah principles remains central, the data—rather than ideals alone—positions Islamic finance as a leader in sustainable investing. This article contributes to the growing discourse on Halal-ESG integration by offering actionable insights for Islamic finance portfolio managers, Shariah scholars, and thought leaders. Bridging ethical compliance, sustainability, and financial performance highlights the role of integrated tools in advancing innovation and inclusivity in global finance.
References
Al-Baghdadi (1928).Usul al-Din, 208. https://archive.org/details/osooluldeen/page/n208/mode/1up
Al-Khalifa, S. (2022). CryptoHalal: An Intelligent Decision-System for Identifying Halal and Haram Cryptocurrencies. ArXiv, abs/2211.0. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253499416
Al-Mahmood, O. A., & Fraser, A. M. (2023). Perceived challenges in implementing halal standards by halal certifying bodies in the United States. PLOS ONE, 18(8). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261430289
Al-Yahyaee, K. H., Mensi, W., Rehman, M. U., Vo, X. V., & Kang, S. H. (2020). Do Islamic stocks outperform conventional stock sectors during normal and crisis periods? Extreme co-movements and portfolio management analysis. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 62, 101385. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225314180
Al Madani, H., Alotaibi, K. O., & Alhammadi, S. (2020). The role of Sukuk in achieving sustainable development: Evidence from the Islamic Development Bank. Banks and Bank Systems, 15(4), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.04
Ansari, R. Al, & Alanzarouti, F. (2020). ESG and Islamic Finance: An Ethical Bridge Built on Shared Values. Journal of Islamic Financial Studies, 6(1).
Atta-Darkua, V., Chambers, D., Dimson, E., Ran, Z., & Yu, T. (2020). Strategies for Responsible Investing: Emerging Academic Evidence. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(3). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214399263
Awang, M. D., Muhammad, J., Noor, M. A. A. M., Abdullah, A., Abdullah, A. A., Abdullah, N., & Abai, D. S. A. (2020a). Knowledge, Acceptance and Application of Islamic Financial Management among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Halal Entrepreneurs in Peninsular of Malaysia. KnE Social Sciences, 216–226. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225588864
Awang, M. D., Muhammad, J., Noor, M. A. A. M., Abdullah, A., Abdullah, A. A., Abdullah, N., & Abai, D. S. A. (2020b). Knowledge, Acceptance and Application of Islamic Financial Management among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Halal Entrepreneurs in Peninsular of Malaysia. KnE Social Sciences, 216–226–216–226. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225588864
Bakar, A. A., RAMLI2, R., Nur, S., OMAR3, Z., & Mohdfodlihamzah, 4. (2023). SHARIAH-COMPLIANT STOCKS: HARMONIZING INDEX INSTITUTION SCREENING METHODOLOGIES. Russian Law Journal, 11(3). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259532157
Banerjee, A. (2019). Predicting Stock Return of UAE Listed Companies Using Financial Ratios. Accounting and Finance Research, 8(2), 214. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165110818
Billah, M. M. (2019). Rate of Return in Islamic Investment. In Modern Islamic Investment Management (pp. 237–245). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198704941
Brahim, N. Ben, & Arab, M. Ben. (2020). Social disclosure: compliance of Islamic banks to governance standards No. 7 of AAOIFI (2010). Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(7), 1427–1452. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213706053
Broadstock, D. C., Chan, K., Cheng, L. T. W., & Wang, X. (2020). The role of ESG performance during times of financial crisis: Evidence from COVID-19 in China. Finance Research Letters, 38, 101716. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221113259
Butt, H. A., & Sadaqat, M. (2019). Performance of Shari’ah Based Investment: Evidence From Pakistani Listed Firms. Econometric Modeling: Capital Markets - Portfolio Theory EJournal. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214386726
Chen, M., & Mussalli, G. (2020). An Integrated Approach to Quantitative ESG Investing. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(3), 65–74. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214166654
Chowdhury, O., Rishat, M. A. S. A., Al-Amin, M., & Azam, M. H. Bin. (2023). The Decentralized Shariah-Based Banking System in Bangladesh Using Block-chain Technology. International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 15(3), 12–28.
Daugaard, D. (2020). Emerging new themes in environmental, social and governance investing: a systematic literature review. Accounting & Finance, 60(2), 1501–1530. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159208457
do Amaral, M. R., Willerding, I. V. A., & Lapolli, É. M. (2023). ESG and sustainability: the impact of the pillar social. Concilium, 23(13), 186–199. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259852156
Dorfleitner, G., Kreuzer, C., & Sparrer, C. (2020). ESG controversies and controversial ESG: about silent saints and small sinners. Journal of Asset Management, 21(5), 393–412. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225477751
Drei, A., Guenedal, T. Le, Lepetit, F., Mortier, V., Roncalli, T., & Sekine, T. (2019). ESG Investing in Recent Years: New Insights from Old Challenges. Capital Markets: Asset Pricing \& Valuation EJournal. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218560512
Efimova, O. V, Volkov, M. A., & Koroleva, D. A. (2021). The Impact of ESG Factors on Asset Returns: Empirical Research. Finance: Theory and Practice. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241014168
El-halaby, S., Albarrak, H., & Grassa, R. (2020). Influence of adoption AAOIFI accounting standards on earning management: evidence from Islamic banks. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(10), 1847–1870. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225634553
Elhussein, N. H. A., & Elmahmoud, S. A. A. (2021). Sharia Screening Methodology: Does Its Non-Unification Affect Its Implementation? International Journal of Economics and Finance, 13(6), 59. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235692962
Ercanbrack, J. G. (2019). The Standardization of Islamic Financial Law: Lawmaking in Modern Financial Markets. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 67(4), 825–860. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169591748
Erraitab, E., & Khamlichi, A. El. (2022). Ethical and Conventional Stock Price Performance: An Empirical Investigation under CAPM-GARCH Models. International Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 7(2), 53–68. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252760831
Erwaedy, A., Pardiman, P., Syahril, S., & Andiriyanto, A. (2021). Implementing Halal Industry Management and Environment Conservation Based on Maqashid Sharia. AL-FALAH : Journal of Islamic Economics, 6(2), 268.
Espahbodi, L., Espahbodi, R., Juma, N., & Westbrook, A. (2019). Sustainability priorities, corporate strategy, and investor behavior. Review of Financial Economics, 37(1), 149–167. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159358013
Gao, S., Meng, F., Wang, W., & Chen, W. (2023). Does ESG always improve corporate performance? Evidence from firm life cycle perspective. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256361634
Garrido-Merchán, E. C., Piris, G. G., & Vaca, M. C. (2023). Bayesian optimization of ESG (Environmental Social Governance) financial investments. Environmental Research Communications, 5(5). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258392498
Giese, G., Lee, L.-E., Melas, D., Nagy, Z. I., & Nishikawa, L. (2019a). Performance and Risk Analysis of Index-Based ESG Portfolios. The Journal of Index Investing, 9(4), 46–57. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159174444
Giese, G., Lee, L.-E., Melas, D., Nagy, Z., & Nishikawa, L. (2019b). The Journal of Portfolio Management Foundations of ESG Investing: How ESG Affects Equity Valuation, Risk, and Performance. The Journal Of Portfolio Management, 45(5), 69–83. http://www.msci.com/prod-
Gimeno, A., Ojeda-Montes, M. J., Tomás-Hernández, S., Cereto-Massagué, A., Beltrán-Debón, R., Mulero, M., Pujadas, G., & García-Vallvé, S. (2019). The Light and Dark Sides of Virtual Screening: What Is There to Know? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(6), 1375. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84845214
Hassan, M. K. (2020). Introduction: Islamic Finance and Contemporary Challenges. Arab Law Quarterly, 35(1–2), 1–5.
Hassan, M. K., Chiaramonte, L., Dreassi, A., Paltrinieri, A., & Piserà, S. (2021). The crossroads of ESG and religious screening on firm risk. Research in International Business and Finance, 58, 101500.
Hill, J. (2020). ESG, SRI, and impact investing. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Investing, 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818692-3.00002-5
Husnah, H., Nurdin, D., & Kasim, M. Y. (2023). Informativeness of environmental, social and governance (ESG) data on investment decisions: The mediating role purpose of investment. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 7(4), 1991–2000. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261057288
Ikwue, U., Ekwezia, A. V., Oguejiofor, B. B., Agho, M. O., & Daraojimba, C. (2023). SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT STRATEGIES IN PENSION FUND MANAGEMENT: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF ESG PRINCIPLES ADOPTION IN THE U.S. AND NIGERIA. International Journal of Management Entrepreneurship Research, 5(9), 652–673.
Irfany, M. I. (2022). Challenges in Developing Integrated Halal Industry in Indonesia. Halal Tourism and Pilgrimage, 2(1). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257225422
Iskandar, A., Usman, A. H., & Shaharuddin, S. A. (2021). Role of Islamic economic and finance in renewable energy: some quotation from Quranic verses and Indonesia experiences. Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues, 6(1), 583–595. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240586487
Jabeen, M., & Kausar, S. (2021). Performance comparison between Islamic and conventional stocks: evidence from Pakistan’s equity market. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244939590
Jaffar, R., Alsheikh, W., & Hassan, M. S. (2021). Voluntary Risk Disclosures of Islamic Financial Institutions: The Role of AAOIFI Standards Implementation. Asian Journal of Accounting and Governance, 1(1–14).
Jain, M., Sharma, G. D., & Srivastava, M. (2019). Can Sustainable Investment Yield Better Financial Returns: A Comparative Study of ESG Indices and MSCI Indices. Risks, 7(1), 15. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150365977
Kahf, M., & Al-Hajjaji, E. M. (2019). Analysis of Sharī‘ah Based Equity Screenings: Developing a Sharī‘ah-Compliant Index for Qatar Stock Exchange. Islamic Economic Studies (IES). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219841484
Kamdzhalov, M. (2020). Islamic Finance and the New Technology Challenges. European Journal of Islamic Finance. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215797540
Kartikasari, D. (2023). FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: SUSTAINABILITY, SIZE, SHARIAH, AND SECTOR EFFECTS IN MUSLIM-MINORITY STOCK EXCHANGES. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 9(4).
Katterbauer, K., & Moschetta, P. (2022). A Robo-Advisory Framework for Islamic and ESG Compliance – A Benchmark Study on the S&P 500 Stock Index. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 34–46.
Khan, T. (2019). Reforming Islamic Finance for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Islamic Economics, 32(1), 3–21.
Kim, S. U., & Li, Z. F. (2021). Understanding the Impact of ESG Practices in Corporate Finance. Sustainability, 13(7), 37–46.
Kim, S., & Yoon, A. S. (2022). Analyzing Active Fund Managers’ Commitment to ESG: Evidence from the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment. Manag. Sci., 69(2), 741–758. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248248332
Lee, S. P., & Isa, M. M. (2022). Environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices and financial performance of Shariah-compliant companies in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 14(2), 295–314.
Liu, X. (2023). Performance of Corporate Sustainability Based on ESG Perspective. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 13(1), 82–91. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261767203
López-Toro, A. A., Sánchez-Teba, E. M., Benítez-Márquez, M. D., & Rodríguez-Fernández, M. (2021). Influence of ESGC Indicators on Financial Performance of Listed Pharmaceutical Companies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 45–56.
Lucia, C. De, Pazienza, P., & Bartlett, M. (2020). Does Good ESG Lead to Better Financial Performances by Firms? Machine Learning and Logistic Regression Models of Public Enterprises in Europe. Sustainability, 12(13), 5317. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225631442
Luo, R. (2023). The Impact and Challenges of ESG Investment Philosophy on Chinese Capital Market and Investment Practice. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 29(1), 212–218. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:265147069
Macneil, I., & Esser, I.-M. (2021). From a Financial to an Entity Model of ESG. European Business Organization Law Review, 23(1), 9–45.
Martellini, L., & Vallée, L.-S. (2021). Measuring and Managing ESG Risks in Sovereign Bond Portfolios and Implications for Sovereign Debt Investing. Journal of Portfolio Management, 47(9), 198–223. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237412309
Mergaliyev, A., Asutay, M. K., Avdukić, A., & Karbhari, Y. (2019). Higher Ethical Objective (Maqasid al-Shari’ah) Augmented Framework for Islamic Banks: Assessing Ethical Performance and Exploring Its Determinants. Journal of Business Ethics, 170, 797–834. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208366640
Mnif, Y., & Tahari, M. (2023). The effect of compliance with AAOIFI standards on financial performance of Islamic banks. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258317835
Morgan, S., & bin Sulong, J. (2021). Challenges to The Halal Industry: A Study on The Legal Acceptance from Some Non-Muslim Countries. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245396601
Mostova, A. (2023). Directions of improving the corporate management of agricultural enterprises based on sustainable development. Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology, 8(3), 109–113. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263808711
Muhamad, S F, Zain, F. A. M., Samad, N. S. A., Rahman, A. H. A., & Yasoa’, M. R. (2022). Measuring Sustainable Performance of Islamic Banks: Integrating the principles of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Maqasid Shari’ah. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1102(1), 012080.
Muhamad, Siti Fariha, Zain, F. A. M., Samad, N. S. A., Azira, A. H., & Yasoa’, M. R. (2022). Measuring Sustainable Performance of Islamic Banks: Integrating the principles of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Maqasid Shari’ah. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1102(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1102/1/012080
Naffa, H., & Fain, M. (2020). Performance measurement of ESG-themed megatrend investments in global equity markets using pure factor portfolios methodology. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0244225. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229688700
Naimy, V. Y., Khoury, R. El, & Iskandar, S. (2021). ESG Versus Corporate Financial Performance: Evidence from East Asian Firms in the Industrials Sector. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(3). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236329296
Neto, J. B., & Branco, M. C. (2019). Controversial sectors in banks’ sustainability reporting. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26(6), 495–505. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159312070
Nor, F. M., bin Shaharuddin, A., Marzuki, A., & Ramli, N. A. B. (2019). Revised Malaysian Shariah Screening: Its Impact on Islamic Capital Market. Research in World Economy, 10(1), 17. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197885645
Park, S. R., & Oh, K.-S. (2022). Integration of ESG Information Into Individual Investors’ Corporate Investment Decisions: Utilizing the UTAUT Framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
Pedersen, L. H., Fitzgibbons, S., & Pomorski, L. (2019). Responsible Investing: The ESG-Efficient Frontier. Governance, 142(2), 572–597. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211772454
Powaski, M. C. K., Ordoñez, C. D., & Sánchez, L. J. (2021). ESG impact on financial corporate performance and portfolio returns: evidence of Australia and Japan. Vinculatégica, 7(1). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245779911
Qoyum, A., Hashfi, R. U. Al, Zusryn, A. S., Kusuma, H., & Qizam, I. (2020). Does an Islamic-SRI portfolio really matter? Empirical application of valuation models in Indonesia. Borsa Istanbul Review. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225449408
Qoyum, A., Sakti, M. R. P., Thaker, H. M. T., & AlHashfi, R. U. (2021). Does the Islamic label indicate good environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance? Evidence from sharia-compliant firms in Indonesia and Malaysia. Borsa Istanbul Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2021.06.001
Rahim, N. R. A., Abdullah, I., Yahya, N. A., Awang, M. N. Bin, Muhammad, S. Z., Sabri, S. A., & Ahmad, N. N. (2020). Negotiation of needs towards halal talents sustainability. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(1), 20–44. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229449864
Razak, N. F. A., Yusof, R. N. R., & Aziz, Y. A. (2019). Challenges in Implementing Muslim Friendly Hospitality Services (MFHS) in Shariah-Compliant Hotels in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(10). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208226350
Rooh, S., El-Gohary, H., Khan, I., Alam, S., & Shah, S. M. A. (2023). An Attempt to Understand Stock Market Investors’ Behaviour: The Case of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Forces in the Pakistani Stock Market. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(12), 500.
Rubanovici, C. (2020). Sustainable Investments in Private Equity – Why and How Should Companies Comply With ESG Requirements? Corporate Governance Practice Series EJournal. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233754651
Singhania, M., & Saini, N. (2021). Institutional framework of ESG disclosures: comparative analysis of developed and developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Finance \& Investment, 13(1), 516–559.
Spiegeleer, J. De, Höcht, S., Jakubowski, D., Reyners, S., & Schoutens, W. (2021). ESG: a new dimension in portfolio allocation. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 13(2), 827–867. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233757335
Sukor, M. E. A., & Halim, A. A. (2022). Theory and evidence of the impacts of Shariah debt screening on firm behaviour. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 13(8), 1137–1154. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249354271
Tan, A. W. K., Gligor, D. M., & Ngah, A. (2020). Applying Blockchain for Halal food traceability. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 25(6), 947–964.
Townsend, B. (2020). From SRI to ESG: The Origins of Socially Responsible and Sustainable Investing. The Journal of Impact and ESG Investing, 1(1), 10–25.
Volodina, A. O., & Trachenko, M. B. (2023). ESG Investment Profitability in Developed and Emerging Markets with Regard to the Time Horizon. Financial Journal. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258477014
Vorontsova, A., Agafonova, E. O., & Yelnikova, Y. (2023). MAIN TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGULATORY LANDSCAPE OF RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT IN THE WORLD. Соціальна Економіка, 65, 92 – 103. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264114487
Weidner, L. (2022). Gambling and financial markets a comparison from a regulatory perspective. Frontiers in Sociology, 7. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253709540
Wu, Y., Dong, Y., Shi, Y., Yang, H., Zhang, J., Khan, M. R., Deng, S., He, G., He, Q., Lv, Y., & Deng, R. (2021). CRISPR-Cas12-Based Rapid Authentication of Halal Food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(35), 10321–10328. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237321439
Zaccone, M. C., & Pedrini, M. (2020). ESG Factor Integration into Private Equity. Sustainability, 12(14), 5725.
Zehir, E., & Aybars, A. (2020). Is there any effect of ESG scores on portfolio performance? Evidence from Europe and Turkey. Journal of Capital Markets Studies, 4(2), 129–143. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228900559
Zerbib, O. D. (2022). A Sustainable Capital Asset Pricing Model (S-CAPM): Evidence from Environmental Integration and Sin Stock Exclusion. Review of Finance, 26(6), 1345–1388. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250972700
Zhan, J. X., & Santos‐Paulino, A. U. (2021). Investing in the Sustainable Development Goals: Mobilization, channeling, and impact. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(1), 166–183. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231856024
Zhong, W. (2023). An analysis of focusing on ESG investment. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management, 17, 8–13.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Hazem Hamoudia, Firdaus Fanny Putera Perdana

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
EJIF content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors keep the copyrights for their work and give the journal the work's first publication copyright, which is at the same time licensed under a Creative Commons License – Attribution, which in turn allows other parties to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.