Il lamento di Werther per gli alberi di noce

Dall’alchimia alla letteratura fino all’ecocritica

Résumé

This paper aims to reread Goethe’s youthful epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young
Werther, investigating in particular the role that trees play, both in the economy of the story and from
the point of view of the alchemical-philosophical reflection of young Goethe. In particular, Paracelsus,
the palingenesis of plants and the theory of signatures that make Werther not only an example of
Goethe’s distance from the Sturm und Drang, but are the basis of the birth of a “classical” sensitivity.
The latter will reach full maturity through the relationship of the Dichter and his character with nature
(often erroneously understood as a pre-Romantic motif), specifically with trees, thanks also to the
contribution of Spinoza’s philosophy. The walnut motif is exemplary in this sense, since it contrasts
the human sense of the tragic with the calm evolution of nature, in which life, growth, reproduction
and death follow one another without pathos. But Werther is also overcoming paracelsian alchemical
studies, therefore the novel sublimates itself in the transition from nature to art, and in the latter field,
it applies the theory of palingenesis to the regeneration of the Stoff. In this way Werther supports
Goethe’s classicist turning point, as attested by the second edition of the novel of 1786, and his rebirth
both in Goethes’s later works and in some of the 19th and 20th centuries. The role of trees in Werther
ultimately shows an example of ecocritical thinking ante litteram.